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Human papilloma viruses

Human papilloma viruses

Many infections do not cause symptoms in healthy people.The immune system suppresses the activity of the virus, which is why a person becomes an infection carrier.At the same time, the transmission of pathogenic, which other people are also transferred with complete clinical borehole, is contained, since virus particles are contained in the patient's biological liquids.The hidden infection course can be the main cause of a significant spread of the disease: the patients are not examined in time and other people continue to infect unconsciously.

The human papilloma virus (HPV) can be described as an excellent example of a hidden infectious agent.Most people are infected with at least one type of HPV throughout life, but the clinical manifestations of the disease do not occur in all cases.The doctors attribute an increased risk of forming a malignant tumor to distant infection complications.In addition, patients who suffer from immune deficiency often have such a negative consequence of the disease.Topic medication helps to suppress the symptoms of an HPV infection.A timely vaccination is also recommended.

More about the disease

The human papilloma virus is the infection factory that affects the skin and mucous membranes of organs.The main manifestation of the disease is the growth of neoplasms in the area of the person, the genitals of the oral cavity and throat.In some cases, pointed papillomas are formed in non -specific places such as the skin of the lower and upper limbs.The localization of warts depends on the type of HPV.In most people, infection leads to hidden infection fighting, but when the immunity is taken, the virus shows its virulence.In some cases, immunodropical cells destroy the pathogen regardless of 3 to 6 months after its invasion.

HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease.Such an indicator can be explained by the high virulence of the virus and the asymptomatic flow of pathology in most people.The use of condoms does not always avoid infection, so that the patient can further spread the virus with protected sexual contacts.At the same time, experts developed effective vaccines that prevent the development of an oncogenic form of HPV.Immunization is shown girls in youth because protection against the virus must be introduced before the first sexual contact.

Features of the virus

The human papilloma virus is a DNA-containing pathogen.In contrast to bacteria and other microorganisms, viruses can only show their activity in the core after introducing the cage and embedding of their own genetic information.After that, the affected cell begins to synthesize the proteins necessary for the assembly of virus particles.Almost all representatives of the Papillomavirus family only attack one kind of organism, and HPV infections can only occur in humans.

Scientists know more than 600 tribes (types) of the human papilloma virus, which are distinguished by genetic information.40 types of HPV are caused by various forms of damage to the mucous membranes and skin.At the same time, the classification of the degree of oncogenicity of tribes is of important clinical importance.Therefore, cervical cancer occurs most often in the invasion of HPV 16 and 18.These infectious active ingredients do not always manifest themselves in skin changes.

HPV is striking in the basal layer of the epithelium.Pathogen can exist in the form of an episoma that is not associated with Zell -DNA, or in an integrated form associated with the cell genome.It is the integrated virus produces the necessary proteins and causes clinical manifestations of the disease.The lifespan of HPV in the body is not a direct cause of malignant tissue regeneration, but the transport of the virus increases the risk of risk factors for cancer.

Infection methods

The virus is found in basal epithelial cells, so that every microtrauma of the skin and mucous membranes increases the risk of infection.In most cases, HPV is transmitted with vaginal, anal or oral sexual contact.The condom can only be secured by the part of the skin surface, but virus particles can still penetrate the body through other covers.The presence of genital warts predisposes for the transmission of pathogens, but externally intact skin of the disease is also a source of HPV.

Other transmission paths

  1. Infection of the child during birth.Children most frequently appear in the airway
  2. Independent transmission of the virus from one part of the body to the other
  3. The general use of personal hygiene levels, including razors, toothbrushes and towels
  4. Blood transfusion.Recent studies have confirmed the possibility of a transfusion infection.
  5. Surgical interventions under non -sterile conditions

Despite the various causes of a viral invasion, only the sexual way of the HPV infection is clinical.Other sources of infection are characterized by a low risk of pathogens.

Risk factors

In addition to the direct options for the transfer of HPV, it is also necessary to take into account the role of risk factors.We talk about the characteristics of a human lifestyle and certain physical conditions.

Key risk factors for infection

  1. A large number of sexual partners.Even with safe sex, an active sex life will lead to an infection sooner or later.
  2. Age.In most cases, genital warts are detected in adolescents and young patients, while condylomas of the oral cavity and the respiratory system are characteristic of children.
  3. Weakened immune system.Patients with HIV infection or acquired immune deficiency are a high risk of viral invasion.In addition, HPV is more likely to be symptomatic after the transplantation of the organs.
  4. Damage to the skin and mucous membranes.Microtraumas make it easier to penetrate the virus into the basal layer of the epithelium.
  5. Smoking and alcoholism.Bad habits weaken the activity of immunity.
  6. Venate infections.

In addition, pregnant women are included in the risk of infection.It should be remembered that the elimination of assessment factors for the disease is an effective prevention tactic.

Clinical image of the papilloma

Clinical

The incubation period before the symptomatic manifestations of the disease can take several months or not.In immune -competent patients, the body can destroy the infection during this time, but the spontaneous elimination of the pathogen does not always occur.One person can be infected with several virus tribes at the same time.Signs of HPV infection occur when they are exposed to adverse factors that weaken the immune protection of tissues.Due to the recurrent course, the condyloma disappears regularly and forms again.Oncological complications of infections can develop over several decades.

Possible consequences of the disease:

  1. Cervical carcinoma - malignant neoplasm of the epithelial tissue.This type of oncology is only connected to the human papilloma virus.The risk of oncogenesis decreases in timely vaccination.
  2. Plant cell carcinoma of the anall hole.Such a complication can occur in men and women.The early symptoms of anus cancer include bleeding and skin itching.
  3. Violation of urination due to urethra construction by condyloma.
  4. Bösy rebirth of warts in the throat and oral cavity.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of the death of women.Since this disease is associated with a viral invasion, regular examinations in a gynecologist are required.Modern vaccines protect women from the most oncogen HPV species.

Diagnosis

Gynecologists, urologists, venereologists and dermatologists are examined by Condil.During the first appointment, the doctor asks the patient about symptoms, collects anamnestic data and carries out the skin formations.Typically, HPV manifestations can be easily identified, but other diseases must be excluded.For this, the specialist will prescribe instrumental and laboratory research.

The necessary diagnostic methods:

  1. Instrumental examination of the vagina and cervix (colposcopy).Such a study is necessarily carried out for the screening of cervical carcinomas.During the examination, the doctor can recognize several papillomas and areas of epithelial dysplasia.
  2. Biopsy - fabric material in the area of skin or mucus changes.A cytological examination of the sample enables you to identify malignant cells.
  3. Polymerase chain reaction - the detection of HPV virus particles in the body.By performing this test, the possibility gives the opportunity to determine the pathogen strain and the virus load.
  4. The Digentest is a high -precision detection of DNA of oncogenic tribes of the human papilloma virus.The study is used as a reliable screening.
In addition to these studies, the doctor will recommend the patient to take tests for other infectious diseases, including HIV and syphilis.

Drug treatment

The developed preparations against HPV infections can only eliminate the symptoms of the disease and prevent tissue formations.The complete elimination of the virus using a drug therapy is impossible.Oral and topical active ingredients are prescribed in the event of high oncogenesis risk, immune deficiency and other disadvantageous conditions.If the virus does not manifest with external changes, general general preventive measures are.

Possible dates

  1. Salicylic acid to remove warts.It is not used to process the skin of the face and genitals.
  2. Creams and ointments with immunomodulating active ingredients.
  3. Podofilo - an ointment with cytostatic effect.The application of the drug to the affected skin leads to the destruction of pathogenic elements.
  4. Trichloor oxonic acid for chemical cauterization of general and genital warts.It can cause a local section.

The medication listed should only be used under medical control.After removing warts, the HPV infection can manifest itself again and even spread to other areas.

Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment of papilloma

The doctor can offer the patient surgical and minimally invasive methods to remove warts.Typically, such methods do not cause complications, but in the first days after the intervention, bleeding from tissues can occur.

Types of intervention:

  1. ordinary surgical excision;
  2. Freezing with liquid nitrogen followed by the destruction of affected tissue;
  3. electrical coagulation;
  4. Distance from papillomas with a laser;
  5. Use of a radio wave knife.

All procedures are carried out under local anesthesia.The specialist selects the safest method for the treatment of condylts.

forecast

The course of the papillomavirus infection depends on the patient's immune status and a certain virus strain.About 30% of the population have spontaneous elimination of the pathogen caused by active immunity.Symptomatic disease often manifests itself in pregnant women, children, older people and patients with immune deficiency.

A HPV infection is characterized by a recurring course.Educated papillomas can gradually disappear or spread to neighboring skin.Oncogenic tribes of the virus most often influence the mucosal membrane of the cervix, and the resulting epithelial dysplasia increases the effect of risk factors for malignant tissue regeneration such as smoking and the use of oral contraceptiva.The tumor can form in the body 10-20 years after the virus invasion.

prevention

The most reliable preventive method is early immunization.The Gardasil vaccine, which contains viral proteins and auxiliary components, works against HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 types.If vaccination is made until the first sexual contact at a young age, the risk of the subsequent development of cervical cancer is not over 1%in a woman.

Additional prevention:

  1. Use of condoms;
  2. Sexual intercourse only with trustworthy partners;
  3. thorough personal hygiene;
  4. Gynecological examination at least once a year.